Read the source behind every number.
Each citation carries its scope and limits, so readers can judge what the source supports. Primary records come first whenever they are available.
A Administrative data, audited record, permit, or rule
B Official estimate, review, or disclosed model
C Forecast or transparent working analysis
Showing 18 of 55 matching sources (55 total in the library)
- United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Scope
- United States; history through 2024 and scenarios through 2030
- Limitation
- A bottom-up historical estimate and scenario forecast. The forecast does not model future grid-supply constraints or departures from announced demand.
- 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Scope
- United States; historical estimates through 2023 and scenarios through 2028
- Limitation
- Modeled national estimates with limited facility-level public data. Location-based emissions and indirect water do not include facility-specific contracts or behind-the-meter supply.
- Electricity Rate Designs for Large Loads: 2026 Update
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Scope
- 55 U.S. large-load tariffs available through 2026
- Limitation
- The survey covers 55 published large-load tariffs. It cannot show that any one design will eliminate every cross-subsidy or forecast error.
- FERC large-load integration show-cause orders
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
- Scope
- All six U.S. regional transmission organizations and independent system operators
- Limitation
- Show-cause orders begin a federal process; they do not establish a final national interconnection rule or determine one project's reliability effect.
- Data Centers in Virginia
Virginia Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission
- Scope
- Virginia, primarily FY2021âFY2023, with selected forecasts
- Limitation
- Virginia-specific. Several values are stakeholder estimates or model outputs, and future utility-cost scenarios are explicitly uncertain.
- Electricity retail-sales data, Form EIA-861
U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Scope
- All 50 states; residential average retail price in cents per kWh
- Limitation
- State residential average prices are annual averages. They do not isolate a causal driver of bills or represent an individual utility tariff.
- Powering Intelligence 2026
Electric Power Research Institute
- Scope
- U.S. data-center annual energy by state; 2024 low, medium, and high estimates
- Limitation
- These modeled estimates draw on incomplete public and commercial project data rather than a census of metered load. EPRI includes cryptocurrency mining, unlike the LBNL national series.
- Revisiting the relationship between demand growth and electricity prices
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Scope
- U.S. electricity-demand growth, prices, infrastructure cost, and cost allocation
- Limitation
- A synthesis of mechanisms and empirical literature. It does not estimate the bill effect of a named data-center project.
- Historical Consumer Price Index
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- Scope
- U.S. city average, all-items CPI-U, annual averages for 2014 and 2024
- Limitation
- National CPI-U is a broad cost-of-living benchmark. It cannot serve as a state-specific electricity-cost index or causal control.
- 2025 Long-Term Reliability Assessment
North American Electric Reliability Corporation
- Scope
- 23 North American bulk-power-system assessment areas
- Limitation
- This midpoint planning outlook is assembled from regional submissions and should not be read as a prediction. Data centers are one of several demand and supply drivers.
- 2025 State of Reliability Overview
North American Electric Reliability Corporation
- Scope
- North American bulk-power-system performance during 2024
- Limitation
- Covers the bulk power system, not most lower-voltage distribution interruptions experienced by customers.
- Data Center Initiatives factsheet
Virginia State Corporation Commission
- Scope
- Dominion Energy Virginia qualifying large-load class and contracts
- Limitation
- This is a prospective Virginia rate design. Its safeguards reduce risk but cannot establish the future bill effect of a particular load forecast.
- Water-use terminology
U.S. Geological Survey
- Scope
- United States water-use accounting
- Limitation
- Defines accounting terms; it does not quantify data-center use or determine local scarcity.
- Cooling Water Efficiency Opportunities for Federal Data Centers
U.S. Department of Energy
- Scope
- Cooling-water efficiency practices for federal data centers
- Limitation
- Federal-facility guidance. Technology savings and feasibility remain dependent on the site's climate, chemistry, and operating design.
- eGRID2023 Revision 2 summary data
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Scope
- U.S. eGRID subregions and national total
- Limitation
- Annual average output rates attribute a regional generation mix. They do not identify short-run marginal dispatch or long-run resources caused by a new load.
- Stationary engine New Source Performance Standards
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Scope
- Stationary compression-ignition engines in the United States
- Limitation
- Specific requirements vary by engine age, size, source classification, and use. The rule summary is not a facility operating record.
- Air permit 74162
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
- Scope
- One Vantage Data Centers campus in Sterling, Virginia
- Limitation
- This is one older Virginia permit. Its caps show maximum allowed emissions; actual emissions require operating data. Newer Virginia control guidance is more stringent.